Origin of the Chinese Zodiac Signs

The well-trodden (no pun intended) story of the Chinese zodiac is cute, but a bit trite. The tale usually begins with the Jade Emperor, or Buddha, depending on the teller, who summoned all the animals of the universe for a race, or a banquet, depending on the teller. The 12 animals of the zodiac all headed to the palace. The order that they came in determined the order of the zodiac. The order is as follows: Rat: (1984, 1996, 2008, add 12 years for each subsequent year)Ox: (1985, 1997, 2009)Tiger: (1986, 1998, 2010)Rabbit: (1987, 1999, 2011)Dragon: (1976, 1988, 2000)Snake: (1977, 1989, 2001)Horse: (1978, 1990, 2002)Ram: (1979, 1991, 2003)Monkey: (1980, 1992, 2004)Chicken: (1981, 1993, 2005)Dog: (1982, 1994, 2006)Pig: (1983, 1995, 2007) During the journey, however, the animals got involved in everything from high jinx to heroism. For example the rat, who won the race, only did so through guile and trickery: it jumped onto the back of the ox and won by a nose. The snake, apparently also a little sneaky, hid on the hoof of a horse in order to cross a river. When they got to the other side, it scared the horse and beat it in the contest. The dragon, however, proved to be honorable and altruistic. By all accounts, the dragon would have won the race as it could fly, but it had stopped to help villagers caught in a flooding river cross safely, or it stopped to assist the rabbit in crossing the river, or it stopped to help create rain for a drought-ridden farmland, depending on the teller. Actual History of the Zodiac The actual history behind the Chinese zodiac is much less fantastical and much harder to find. It’s known from pottery artifacts that the animals of the zodiac were popular in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.), but they were also seen much earlier from artifacts from the Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.), a period of disunity in ancient Chinese history, as differing factions fought for control. It’s been written that the animals of the zodiac were brought to China via the Silk Road, the same central Asian trade route that brought the Buddhist belief from India to China. But some scholars argue that the belief predates Buddhism and has origins in early Chinese astronomy that used the planet Jupiter as a constant, as its orbit around the earth took place every 12 years. Still, others have argued that the use of animals in astrology began with nomadic tribes in ancient China who developed a calendar based on the animals they used to hunt and gather. The scholar Christopher Cullen as written that beyond satisfying the spiritual needs of an agrarian society, the use of astronomy and astrology was also an imperative of the emperor, who had the responsibility for ensuring harmony of everything under heaven. To rule well and with prestige, one needed to be accurate in astronomical matters, Cullen wrote. Perhaps that is why the Chinese calendar, including the zodiac, became so entrenched in Chinese culture. In fact, reforming the calendar system was viewed as appropriate if political change was eminent. Zodiac Fits With Confucianism The belief that everyone and every animal has a role to play in society translates well with Confucian beliefs in a hierarchical society. Just as Confucian beliefs persist in Asia today alongside more modern social views, so does the use of the zodiac. It’s been written by Paul Yip, Joseph Lee, and Y.B. Cheung that births in Hong Kong regularly increased, bucking declining trends, to coincide with the birth of a child in a dragon year. Temporary fertility rate increases were seen in the dragon years of 1988 and 2000, they wrote. This is a relatively modern phenomenon as the same increase wasn’t seen in 1976, another dragon year. The Chinese zodiac also serves the practical purpose of figuring out a person’s age without having to ask directly and risk offending someone.

The Production Of Animal Agriculture Essay - 1153 Words

1.0 Introduction Animal agriculture is defined as the practice of breeding animals for the production of animal product purposes (MacLachlan, 2016). Animal agriculture is a continuous expanding industry globally. The quest for intensification in livestock farming has thundered ahead with little regard for sustainability and overall efficiency (Eisler, 2014). Because of this little regard of sustainability; there have been many issues and problems which have been risen due to the mass production of animal farming locally in Australia and also world-wide. The two major issues that are continuous problem; is water usage and waste and also deforestation. The agriculture sector is the largest user of fresh water resources. In 2000, animal agriculture accounted for seventy percent of water use of water use and ninety-three per cent of water depletion worldwide (Kirby M. , 2013). Water is a necessity resource that needs to be used in farming, from growing grain for feed and for animals to drink. It takes ro ughly 9084 litres of water to produce one pound of beef meat (Kirby, 2015). Two acres of rain forest are cleared each minute to raise cattle or the crops to feed them (Simon, 2015). Agriculture is estimated to be the direct driver for around 80% of deforestation worldwide (Wageningen University and Research Centre, 2014). 2.0 Water Consumption Water consumption is a major issue in animal agriculture, it is an abused resource in animal farming and needs to be considered as aShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Implications Of Animal Agriculture1668 Words   |  7 PagesIn the past several years, there has been a rising shared interest in understanding where and how food is produced. Yet gradually over time, the consumer has become further and further removed from food production and agriculture. 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What is meant by the term “balanced diet” Free Essays

Introduction The dictionary definition says a diet is what someone uses if they want to lose weight. Nutritionist’s think otherwise because to us a balanced diet is what we need for the body to work perfectly and properly. We therefore need to eat the correct amount of Proteins, Carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins. We will write a custom essay sample on What is meant by the term â€Å"balanced diet†? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Food also needs to supply sufficient amounts of water to maintain good health. Water makes up our fat free mass which is about 72.5 per cent of our body weight. It also contains small amounts of calcium, magnesium, Potassium, sodium, Sulphate and Nitrates: Vittel Mineral water. A diet should not contain items that are harmful. A balanced diet should be nutritious and wholesome. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/why– is- a- balanced- diet- important Government departments use expert committees to provide dietary guidelines to help us to achieve a balanced diet. The Dietary reference Values and the recommended Dietary Allowance are commonly used. Carbohydrates provide most important source of energy. They contain elements of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. The name also indicates that â€Å"Carbo†, contains carbon, â€Å"Hydro† for the hydrogen part and â€Å"ate’’ – Oxygen The body breaks down carbohydrates into sugars and starch. This is then absorbed into the blood. This process produces Carbon dioxide and water and releases energy for other processes. A good source of carbohydrates can be found in Potatoes, Breads and Cereals. Proteins are needed for growth and repair. Proteins contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and sometimes sulphur. Proteins have very large molecules, so they cannot get directly into our blood; they must be turned into amino-acids by the digestive system. There are over 20 different amino-acids. Our bodies can turn the amino-acids back into protein. Our cells do this very well by lining the long chains of the amino-acids together in the correct order. There are millions of possible combinations or sequences of amino-acids. It is our DNA which contains the information about how to make proteins. The cells get their amino-acids from the blood in order for the function to take place. Proteins can also be used as a source of energy too. The Body can sometime produce excessive amino-acids and these are removed from the body. The Nitrogen form the amino acid is excreted as a chemical called urea. The liver makes urea in the kidneys, and this is excreted in the urine. Like carbohydrates, fats also contain elements Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. Fats are a source of energy. They are also stored beneath our skin to help to insulate the body against the cold. Fruits and vegetables are important in our diets as this will provide us with vitamins. If we eat too much carbohydrates and proteins, well convert the excess into fat and gain weight as a result. It is important to balance the amount of energy containing foods with the amount of energy that you use when you take exercise. There must be some fat in your diet because it contains fat soluble vitamins. Vitamins are only required in very small quantities. Vitamin A: These are good for your eyes, Vitamin B: Contains about Twelve different chemicals, Vitamin C: Is needed for your body to repair itself, Vitamin D: can be made in your skin, also known as the sunlight Vitamin, required for absorption of Calcium. Vitamin E: the nice one for reproduction. Mineral salts are also needed in small quantities, but we need more of these than we need vitamins. Iron is required to make haemoglobin for the red blood cells. Calcium is needed for the making and maintenance of healthy teeth, bones and muscles. Sodium is used by all cells, especially nerve cells. Iodine is used in the production of a hormone called thyroxin. Fibre in our diet cannot be digested; it is often referred to as cellulose or called roughage. This is a carbohydrate used by plants to make their cell walls. If you do not eat food materials which contain fibre you might end up with problems of the colon and rectum. The muscles of your digestive system mix food with the digestive juices and push food along the intestines by peristalsis. If there is no fibre in your diet these movements cannot work properly. You must have carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, mineral salts and fibre in the correct proportions. If there is not enough protein, you will not be able to grow properly and you will not be able to repair yourself i.e. wounds will not heal properly. If you do not have enough energy containing foods you will feel very tired. If you have too much energy containing foods will become overweight. If you think that you are overweight you might try taking more exercise to burn off some of the excess food which you ate at your last meal. Nowadays there are many health problems that people are experiencing due to several reasons. For most of the problems the only solution is a balanced diet. People have a misconception that a balanced diet means avoiding specific foods which may prove harmful to the body. Eating a balanced diet means all types of food but in moderation to provide necessary nutrients to maintain a healthy body. All essential nutrients play an important role for the proper functioning for the human body. Not having a balanced diet can be more harmful to the body. Eating foods in a well balanced proportion helps prevent infections and disorders. If the body gets all the required nutrients it will improve the function of the immune system. Following a balanced diet you reduce the possibilities of some types of cancer, control blood sugar levels and blood pressure. Alcohol has no nutritional benefits in our diet it only increases our energy intake. http://www.purhon.com/biology/diet For the purpose of reducing and controlling weight people tend to forget the importance of a balanced diet. People who want to reduce weight try different ways but seldom succeed; this is because the routines chosen often include consuming huge amounts of food that don’t contribute to weight loss. There are several weight loss diets to name but a few, crash diets recommend a near starvation diet plan because the calorie and food intake are drastically reduced. Fad diets are used for those who want to lose weight very quickly. These types of diets can be unhealthy and one must remember the weight gain did not happen in a day or a month. Atkins diet is becoming more and more popular not just by the clients but also the press. There are many different diets often recommended for weight loss. High fibre diets, Low calorie diets, Low carb diets and south beach diets. Zone Diet, Weight loss pills, Liquid Diets, Weight Loss Supplement. Time needs to be given for a controlled and efficient weight loss programme. If the body gets all essential nutrients regularly it will certainly be fit promoting a healthy body growth and maintenance. Body composition, age, gender affects our diets, in terms of Kilo calories consumed daily. For example, a pregnant woman needs 2500kcal a day during the pregnancy and 2600kcal per day during lactation. A normal adult needs 2200kcal in women and 2500kcal for men. The elderly 2000kcal per day with a variety of foods eaten you need to ensure you get you correct amounts of vitamins and calcium for bone maintenance. The elderly energy reduces with age and only requires enough calories for their well being. Physical activity is important to ensure that the amount of energy taken in is burnt off equally. A balanced diet should have about 15% protein, a third of the calories must be carbohydrates and a man 30g of fat per day, woman 20g per day. Eat less sugar and salt per day no more than 2g for age 1-3, 3g for 4-6, 5g for 7-10 and over 11 to adults 6g. Educate yours elf with package information in the shops to ensure you do not over consume salt and sugar, and where possible make most things yourself from fresh and avoid adding salt to dishes, especially pre-prepared foods. This way you can ensure you are adding correct quantities of salt to food and you are in control of what you put inside the body. http//www.nhs.uk/livewell The routines of a growing child or a teenager are also very important because they are constantly growing and their energy demands vary from infants through childhood. Infants need the help of supplements at an early age because their diet is mainly liquid and not complex. By the pre- school age their eating habits are more advanced their dietary pattern will start to set to later life. Infants should be given small meals as they have small appetites but still have a high nutrient dependency. Meals should be kept interesting to avoid irregular food intake and to allow them to fall into lazy habits such as chewing and more reliance on snacks. If possible during their play time a pretend cafe setting and food songs all help with their knowledge and understanding of foods. Infant diets too have a calorie intake guide; boys 1-3, 1230kcal per day and 4 years, 1715kcal per day. Girls age 1-3, 1165kcal per day and 4years 1545kcal per day. Feeding school children through to adolescent can also be a challenge as there can be many issues. Some may have poor food intakes and some foods will be alien to them depending on their socioeconomic background. The media can sometimes influence a child’s choice of food, none the less a high quality diet is what is important to prevent most childhood nutritional problems such as obesity, tooth decay, anaemia, diabetes and heart conditions later in life. The inserted table shows how much calories is need per age group in Boys Age (years)4-6 7-10 11-14 15-18 Energy (kcal)1715 1970 2200 2755 The inserted table shows how much calories is need per age group in Girls Age (years)4-6 7-10 11-14 15-18 Energy (Kcal)1545 1940 1845 2110 Physical tasks should be easily performed without exertion on the body, this is necessarily in modern day living as there is so much physical and mental stress in the lives of people. Healthy eating would also be beneficial to the state of mind. An active lifestyle is good for both the body and mind. This helps you co-ordinate effectively, take immediate decisions, tackle problems effectively and increase the remembering and memorising capability of a person. Knowing these benefits you can plan your diet and put into practise as soon as possible. The chances of your body getting infected would be reduced considerably. It would also help you to stop development and spreading of diseases and infections. Nutrition and Child Health 2000 Pages 4,12,13,14, 60-72 http://www.buzzle.com/articles The united Kingdom (U.K) is an example of a country with a typical western diet. Western diets contain several food groups that provide nutritional needs of the body. The food groups in the diet that provide all the nutrients and non- nutrients for good health include: cereals, bread, vegetables, fruit, roots and tubers, dairy products, meats, fish, eggs, protein, fats and oils. In human diet, cereals amount to the most important plant foods because it contributes energy and carbohydrate intake. Fruit and vegetables are sources of vitamins and an important source to the dietary fibre intake. The potato skin contains large amounts of vitamin C which is an important source of vitamins. In many developing counties non animal based sources of protein e.g. legumes are still number one in their diet. In the USA and the U.K meat sources are from pig, sheep and cattle. In India, Middle East and Africa goat and camel are mainly consumed. Other meat sources include rabbit, deer for venison, poultry e.g. chickens, duck, turkey and geese. In the U.K chicken has now become the most popular meat source. Meat is also a source of fat in the diet and in the United Kingdom the consumption is very high. The main varieties of fish eaten are white fish, oily fish and seafood. These also form an important source of good proteins and are low in fat with the exception of oily fish. Oily fish provides a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fish provides a good source of iodine, calcium from fish bones and vitamin D also known as the sunlight vitamin. Human Nutrition 2011 pages 4-7,68-69, 88-89 From the information given above it is clear that a balanced diet is not about eating one type of food and cutting out another. The correct way to deal with this is to eat a variety of quality foods and follow the recommended energy allowances per age groups and to live an active life style in maintain general well being. Over eating and irregular mealtime, stress, impaired sleeping and the large supply of cheap food stuff must be avoided at all times. References: Colour Oxford English Dictionary, 2002. Oxford: Oxford university press http//www.buzzle.com/articles/why– is- a- balanced- diet- important, accessed, 12/02.2011 http//www.purhon.com/biology/diet, accessed, 12/02/2011 http//www.buzzle.com/articles/Atkins -Diet/2000-2010,2011, accessed, 24/02/2011 http//www.buzzle.com/articles/fads-diet,31/07/2010, accessed, 24/02/2011 http//www.buzzle.com/articles/crash-diet, accessed, 24/02/2011 http//www.nhs.uk/livewell accessed 24/02/2011 Holden Chris and MacDonald Anita, 2000 Nutrition and child health: London: Harcourt Ltd Geissler, Catherine A and Powers, Hilary J. 2011 Human Nutrition: 12th Edn. London: Elsvier Ltd How to cite What is meant by the term â€Å"balanced diet†?, Essay examples

Sofy Night Pad Application of the Integrated Marketing Communication

Questions: Your team is required to write a marketing communications plan for a fast-moving consumer good (consumer packaged good) of your choice for the Singapore market for a six-month campaign. The assignment should specify both the brand as well as the specific product (e.g. MILO ready-to-drink carton packs). The assignment has two parts: (A) Oral Presentation; and (B) Written Proposal.The marketing communications proposal should include at least these SIX components: 1. Background of organization and industry: Provide a brief profile of the company to explain the nature and scope of the business. Briefly outline key factors in the industry that may be pertinent to your proposal. 2. Communication Objectives: This section should begin with the statement of Marketing objectives. Communication objectives, drawn from the marketing objectives, are subsequently defined. Objectives should be SMART (i.e. specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-framed). Your recommendations will be mea sured against their likely effectiveness to accomplish these. 3. Target audience profile: Offer a succinct description of the target audience (in terms of behaviourgraphic, demographic, psychographic, and/or geodemographic characteristics). It is imperative that the recommendation on your marketing communication mix be directed at this group. (Since this is an ad campaign, the focus is on target audience and not target market, the latter of which may be a broader segment or a combination of segments.) 4. Positioning: Provide a benefit-centred positioning statement and positioning map. 5. IMC Program: Recommendations on Message Media represent the most important component. Message: This section identifies the most differentiating and motivating message about the brand-and-product that can be delivered to the target audience. Focus on: Brand benefit(s) The Big Idea/Creative idea that promotes the key benefit Creative execution One sample of creative execution (e.g. storyboard, webisode, print ad) Executional consistency Media: Selection of media channels and media vehicles, with a report of the following. Media objectives: reach, frequency, weight, GRPs/TRPs, timing Behavioural sequence modelling or Communication effects modelling Media calendar 6. Budget Evaluation: Suggest budget allocation by media or other approach. Indicate when and how campaign will be evaluated for effectiveness and/or efficiency. Answers: Introduction: Application of the integrated marketing communication plan is hitherto been considered as one of the most intrinsic approaches of business development. Pealoza and Venkatesh (2010) seems to have strategically mentioned that the main target of this type of communication attribute is not only to promote the product or to promote the organizational ethics, at the same time this helps in developing of the market orientation for an organization. The market communication planning is basically a concept of oriental management. This specific research work is focusing on the genuine factors of market development and communication plan. In this research work the researcher is going to focus on the marketing strategy taken by Unicharm Corporation in order to market Sofy Night Pad in Malaysia. 1. Background of the Organization: Sofy Night Pad is one of the integrated products of Unicharm Corporation, hails from Japan which is basically a chemical company has been specialized in producing of diapers both for the babies and adults. In 2001 the organization had been checked to producing the most hygienic products by UN (Mller and Saren, 2009). It topped in 2011 among the other diaper manufacturers of Japan. In 2013 the company has acquired around 43.12 billion by selling their products over different Asian countries. The organization seems to have recorded of having around 10,300 employees in different manufacturing and marketing departments working across the world. Among the other brands of Unicharm save Sofy are Lifree, MamyPoko. Blattberg et al. (2009) has identified the company of developing different pet foods, nappies and toiletries as well. It is sure that the organization has developed all through these years which have paved ways for gathering marketing aspects for the organization (Brodie et al. 200 8). The social value of the organization is also literally effective which helps the organization to have developed and attaining the customers attention. Application of the different marketing strategy is really essential to attain the market orientation for the organization. Pels et al. (2008) specifies that as the organizational ethics are potentially managed in the coming days to cop up with the demand of the market place, the organization can attain the market benefits. It is to be mentioned that the organizational ethics are the most corporate logistics that needs to be fulfilled by Unicharm Corporation. The conditional approaches of the organization are helpful which needs to be managed and attained. The most potential approaches of the organizational ethic of Unicharm Corporation are to let the customers feel great even in the most disturbing situations. The ethical approach to maintain a healthier prospect, the products of Unicharm Corporation is literally ahead of other consistent available products of the market place. 2. Communication Objective: Unicharm Corporation has aimed of conducting a ix month campaign across Malaysia to let the product and the organization to be familiar by the common people. The basic approach of marketing objectives for Unicharm Corporation is to maintain a unique communication with the other companies as well. The organization targets in entertaining the market orientation. For this approach the organization targets at SMART objectives which comprises of specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time framed approaches of the organization (Pelsmacker et al. 2009). Specific: The company has to be specific in their approaches about the product. As Unicharm Corporation wants to launch Sofy Night Pad in Malaysian market place, the focus is needed to be centered on the products genuineness and has to fulfill the demand of the customers of the market place. As the product is normally manufactured for the women, the target has to be specifically determined and needed to be brushed properly. Measurable: The approach of the company and its prospect is needed to be measurable. The total target of financial benefit is needed to be measurable and sophisticated. How much the market can be sophistically managed is also a matter of significant attribute. Achievable: The targeted market approach needs to be managed properly which has to be managed properly. Unicharm Corporation has to target for the long term achievements which are needed to be uniquely achievable (Pealoza and Venkatesh, 2010). Realistic: The realistic market approach of acquiring the Malaysian market management is not so much identical. Therefore, Unicharm Corporation has to be realistic in its approaches so that it can manage the organizational and marketing ethos. Time Frame: As it has already been mentioned earlier that the campaign will be run for 6 months in different parts of Malaysia, it is expected that it will bring a high result for making a significant market penetration for the organization. 3. Targeted Audience: The targeted audience for this campaign is the women who generally need to go out for professional works. Although the company with this product targets a specific group of customers o the market later it is aimed to include all women of the Malaysian society. For this purpose application of the behaviourial approach is literally important. The behaviourial segment of the market place helps in managing the organizational ethos. Berry and Yadav (2008) seem to have mentioned that application of the communication mix in this approach is really essential. Unicharm Corporation may prefer digital and handy advertisements to let more people to be attracted to the products. Attention of the public relation is really helpful which helps in managing more conditional approaches of business for Sofy in Malaysian market place. Unicharm Corporation may also focus on expanding on the sales promotions as well. On the other hand, personal selling is also an option to be managed for making the market (Pealoza and Venkatesh, 2010). The communication approach of the organizational ethics is very much essential that helps in managing the ethical approaches. Although the broader sense of markeing approaches is helpful in the developing of the organizational and marketing ethos of the organizational benefits. 4. Positioning Biraghi and Gambetti (2013) presumed that positioning is an essential part as well as the effective for launching the new product in a particular region. Therefore, the company Sofy tries to positioning their new products Sofy Night Pad into the market of Singapore. In order to position the new product, Sofy has to provide information through several questions to their target audiences such as what do you do? Therefore, the management or the advertise department of the company has to play important role in order to position the products on consumer mind (Danaher and Rossiter, 2011). However, in terms of positioning the new products of Sofy in the Singapore market, organisation has to maintain the following fundamentals Understand the single greatest influence about the customers buying behaviour Evaluate the product according to the mental map of customers such as use of incredible tagline like feel free wherever you go Apart from that, for positioning the product Sofy has to demonstrate the relevance of products such as usability benefits among others, credibility, supportability, factual terms, etc. Therefore, Davidson (2013) argued that positioning statement is also another aspect that affect the brand value on the consumers, mind. There are several aspect of positioning statement that clearly identifies the credibility as well as volubility of new product (O'Donnell and Rice, 2012). Following positioning statement will be the effective method that compelling and important for Sofy Night Pad in Singapore market especially to the target audiences The new Sofy Nught Pad innovative and has extra dry sheet that make comfortable to the user The extra dry sheet especially design for liquid absorption quickly into the napkin The new Sofy Night Pad is design with top sheet that minimizes the contact of skin from moisture. It make the spot dry and feel comfortable. Figure 1: Positioning Map (Source: Nieddu et al., 2010, pp- 2358) 5. Integrated Marketing Communication Program Message: In order to launch the new product, the company Sofy developed string message format. The company provides printed advertise poster from small to large. For small ad poster, company used 11 * 17 for medium 18 x 24 and for large 24 x 36. In order to make the ad, the communicator design a impressive headline use Sofy Night Pad and feel comfortable (Filipovic, 2013). Therefore, in terms of designing the message, the communicator used very attractive colour such as green, red, pink, violet, etc. Apart from that, Sofy involved Maria Sarapova in order to advertise their product through TV channel. The visualization and quality also clearly mentioned by the communicator during advertise (Fuchs, Ricci and Cantoni, 2012). Media: In order to promote as well as position the product, communicator such as Sofy used non personal communication channels including media (Morrison and Conaway, 2012). Following table shows the media that consists Sofy Night Pad ads in the market of Singapore Media Name Explanation Print Media Magazines, direct mail, news paper, press released, Press kit etc (Kerr and Drennan, 2010). Electronic Media Video Tapes, Web Page, Social Media, Audio Tapes, etc, Google add word, podcast, blog and RSS feed (Mackert, 2012). Broadcast Media Television, Radio, Satellites Event and Trade Shows Event Sponsorship, travel and accommodation, signage and collateral, client or prospect entertainment, trade promos (Moore, 2012). 6. Budget and Evaluation Particulars TOTALS Public Relations TOTALS Press Releases $ Press Kits $ 450.00 Other $ TOTAL $ 450.00 Mobile, Online and Web Marketing TOTALS Online Advertising Design $ 5,400.00 Google AdWords Program $ 31,600.00 Website Development, Hosting, Updates $ 5,500.00 Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Organic $ 4,150.00 Social Media Management - Facebook/Twitter/Youtube $ 5,850.00 Podcasts $ 900.00 Mobile $ 1,370.00 Blog and RSS Feed $ 2,550.00 TOTAL $ 57,320.00 Advertising TOTALS Advertising Design $ 4,800.00 Print Advertising Placements $ 3,050.00 Radio, TV, Outdoor Adverts $ 500.00 Point of Purchase $ Co-op $ TOTAL $ 8,350.00 Events and Tradeshows TOTALS Event Sponsorships $ 7,500.00 Travel Accomodations $ 19,000.00 Signage Collateral $ 3,700.00 Audio/Vidieo Equipment $ 6,000.00 Client/Prospect Entertainment $ 5,000.00 Trade Promos (USB Pens, Hats, etc) $ 6,000.00 TOTAL $ 47,200.00 Direct Marketing TOTALS Graphic Design $ 14,600.00 Direct Mail Program $ 22,000.00 Email Marketing System (Hosted i.e. Constant Contact $ 6,000.00 Email Marketing List Purchases $ 10,000.00 Customer Surveys $ 600.00 TOTAL $ 53,200.00 TOTALS SUMMARY TOTALS Public Relations $ 450.00 Mobile, Online and Web Marketing $ 57,320.00 Advertising $ 8,350.00 Events and Tradeshows $ 47,200.00 Direct Marketing $ 53,200.00 TOTALS $ 1,66,520.00 % of TOTAL 100.0% Table 1: Summary of the detail budget for the first Year Total cost Percentage of cost January $ 36,950.00 22.2 % February $ 25,470.00 15.3 % March $ 23,200.00 13.9 % April $ 21,100.00 12.7 % May $ 7,950.00 4.8 % June $ 8,400.00 5.0 % July $ 8,400.00 5.0 % August $ 9,950.00 6.0 % September $ 3,700.00 2.2 % October $ 7,250.00 4.4 % November $ 7,150.00 4.3 % December $ 7,000.00 4.2 % Table 2: Monthly composition of expenses for first year Figure 1: Monthly composition of expenses for first year From the above diagram, it has been seen that, the company has to invest more in the first four month after starting or launching the products in Singapore market. After four months, the investment of the company will low. It indicates that the company will start to make profit after four month. Details of the budget for this marketing communication plan for Sofy Night Pad in Singapore market has been mentioned clearly in the appendix. Conclusion This study explained the marketing communication plan for Sofy Night Pad in the Singapore Market. The company Sofy has already established their business in the First Moving Consumer Goods industry. Therefore, now they wanted to launch new product and target market is Singapore. SMART objectives has been analysed that clearly demonstrate the marketing communication objectives for Sofy Night Pad. Analyst represent the positioning map for the product from the point of view of Singapore Market. Integrated Marketing Communication has been discussed also in this study. Non-personal communication channels are used for communication or promoting the brand of Sofy. Reference List Berry, L. L. and Yadav, M. S. (2008) Capture and Communicate Value in the Pricing of Services. Sloan Management Review, 37(4), 41-51. Biraghi, S. and Gambetti, R. (2013). Corporate branding: Where are we? A systematic communication-based inquiry.Journal of Marketing Communications, pp.1-24. Blattberg, R. C., Malthouse, E. C. and Neslin, S. A. (2009) Customer Lifetime Value: Empirical Generalizations and Some Conceptual Questions. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 23(2), 157-168. Brodie, R. J., Coviello, N. E. and Winklhofer, H. (2008) Contemporary Marketing Practices research program: a review of the first decade. The Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 23(2), 84-94. Danaher, P. and Rossiter, J. (2011). Comparing perceptions of marketing communication channels.European Journal of Marketing, 45(1/2), pp.6-42. Davidson, S. (2013). Campaign Communication and Political Marketing.European Journal of Communication, 28(1), pp.80-82. Filipovic, J. (2013). The review of the marketing appeals and their role in the strategy of development of the successful marketing communication.Marketing, 44(4), pp.354-360. Fuchs, M., Ricci, F. and Cantoni, L. (2012).Information and communication technologies in tourism 2012. Vienna: SpringerWienNewYork. Kerr, G. and Drennan, J. (2010). Same But DifferentPerceptions of Integrated Marketing Communication Among Marketing Communication Partners in Australia.Journal of Promotion Management, 16(1-2), pp.6-24. Mackert, M. (2012). Account Planning: Applying an Advertising Discipline to Health Communication and Social Marketing.Health Marketing Quarterly, 29(3), pp.270-282. Mller, K. and Saren, M. (2009) Do we really understand business marketing? Getting beyond the RM and BM matrimony. The Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 24(5/6), 322-336. Moore, G. (2012).Fashion promotion. Lausanne, Switzerland: AVA Academia. Morrison, T. and Conaway, W. (2012).Kiss, bow, or shake hands, sales and marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill. Nieddu, M., Boatto, G., Pirisi, M. and Dess, G. (2010). Determination of four thiophenethylamine designer drugs (2C-T-4, 2C-T-8, 2C-T-13, 2C-T-17) in human urine by capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry.Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 24(16), pp.2357-2362. O'Donnell, C. and Rice, R. (2012). A Communication Approach to Campus Bottled Water Campaigns.Social Marketing Quarterly, 18(4), pp.255-273. Pels, J., Coviello, N. E. and Brodie, R. J. (2008) Integrating transactional and relational marketing exchange: A pluralistic perspective. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 8(3), 11 Pelsmacker, P. D., Geuens, M. and Bergh, J. V. D. (2009) Marketing communications a European perspective 5th ed. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Pealoza, L. and Venkatesh, A. (2010) Further evoloving the new dominant logic of marketing: from services to the social construction of markets. Marketing Theory, 6(3), 299-316 Spotts, H. and Weinberger, M. (2010). Marketplace footprints: connecting marketing communication and corporate brands.European Journal of Marketing, 44(5), pp.591-609. Thorson, E. and Duffy, M. (2012).Advertising age. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Tllinen, A. and Karjaluoto, H. (2011). Marketing communication metrics for social media.International Journal of Technology Marketing, 6(4), p.316. White, P. (2012). Multimodalitys challenge to marketing theory: A Discussion.Journal Multimodal Communication, 1(3).

Attraction and repulsion in The Yellow Wallpaper and Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay Example

Attraction and repulsion in The Yellow Wallpaper and Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay Example Attraction and repulsion in The Yellow Wallpaper and Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Paper Attraction and repulsion in The Yellow Wallpaper and Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Paper Essay Topic: Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Literature The Yellow Wallpaper In Jeff Greens work on Plutos philosophies, Green states that The potential for tension and conflict in [the] dual desires of the Soul can be equated with the basic psychological phenomenon of attraction and repulsion (Green 5-6). The dynamic of attraction and repulsion in representations of the abnormal can be explored in both Robert Louis Stevensons The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper. In both of these texts, the principal characters experience clashing feelings of attraction and repulsion to what the reader would view as being abnormal. For instance, in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Jekyll cannot help but feel intrigued by the exciting, dangerous life and character of Mr Hyde and in The Yellow Wallpaper the unnamed narrator1 similarly becomes fascinated by the figure she can see behind the wallpaper. It can be argued that both Jekyll and the Narrator feel attracted to the abnormal whilst the people around them feel repulsed by it. The Jekyll-Hyde dynamic in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde may represent the dual desires of the human soul. Freud believed that the human mind is strongly influenced by thoughts and desires which we are not able to control and these impulses are often conveyed in our dreams. It is therefore possible to interpret the character of Hyde as Jekylls subconscious desire to be freed from his societys restraints. This subconscious desire of Jekylls is viewed by the characters around him as deviant and revolting. Although Jekyll also feels repulsed by Hydes grotesque and animalistic nature, he finds it impossible to curb his need to experience the life of a savage, uncivilised monster. Similarly, the Narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper experiences a conflict of emotions towards the wallpaper. It is clear to see that the Narrator takes an instant disliking to the wallpaper when she says, The colour is repellent, almost revolting; a smouldering unclean yellow (Perkins Gilman 4). However, she soon becomes fixated with searching for hidden meanings in the wallpaper. She believes that she can see a woman in the wallpaper who is struggling to break free and this seems to reflect the Narrators desire for freedom from the constraints placed on her by her husband and doctor. In The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde it is clear that Jekylls friends are repulsed by Mr Hyde from the outset. We can see this clearly in Enfields description of Hyde to Mr Utterson: He is not easy to describe. There is something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something down-right detestable. I never saw a man I so disliked, and yet I scarce know why. He must be deformed somewhere; he gives a strong feeling of deformity, although I couldnt specify the point. (Stevenson 12) Enfield states that although he detests the appearance and very being of Mr Hyde, he cannot articulate his reasons for feeling this way. It seems to be an instinctive reaction to this creature which symbolises everything that the prototype of a man living in Victorian society would not approve of. Although Jekyll is at first strongly attracted to the concept of a dual personality and having the freedom to rebel against society with anonymity, he too is soon repulsed by Mr Hyde when he realises the extent of his alter-egos corrupt nature: The powers of Hyde seem to have grown with the sickliness of Jekyll. And certainly the hate that now divided them was equal on each side. With Jekyll, it was a thing of vital instinct. He had now seen the full deformity of that creature that shared with him the phenomena of consciousness, and was co-heir with him to death [ ] he thought of Hyde, for all his energy of life, as of something not only hellish but inorganic. (Stevenson 74) Similarly to Hydes powers growing with the sickliness of Jekyll (Stevenson 74), as the Narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper continues to lose her sense of reality she too becomes more aware of her alter-ego, the woman she can see behind the wallpaper. However, she does not grow to hate this woman, but instead sees parallels between her own life of confinement and the female figures. As the Narrators madness deepens and progresses, she begins to see more women behind the paper. All of them appear to be lost in the torturing (Perkins Gilman 15) yellow pattern. With the appearance of more women, it seems that the Narrator now sees not only herself as being a victim of patriarchal standards of Victorian society, but in fact all women. Through her madness, the Narrator becomes repulsed by the restraints put upon women by society and instead becomes attracted to the abnormal idea of social rebellion. This echoes Jekylls initial rejection of ordinary Victorian life in favour of the adventures of Mr Hyde. As Jekylls friends are repulsed by the appearance of Mr Hyde, the Narrators husband is repulsed by the concept of sexual equality. Instead, he is a firm believer of men having complete control over their wives lives. He treats the Narrator like a child, referring to her as a little girl (Perkins Gilman 14) and choosing to place her in the nursery at the top of the house (Perkins Gilman 4). John undermines the seriousness of his wifes condition when he assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with [her] but temporary nervous depression a slight hysterical tendency (Perkins Gilman 1-2). We can see that John ignores his wifes suggestions for activities when the Narrator tells us that she has a scheduled prescription for each hour in the day and that John takes all care from [her] (Perkins Gilman 4). It is worth noting that the Narrator does not say that her husband takes care of her, but instead implies that he takes all control out of her hands. This proves that John thinks it natural for men to have power over women and it would therefore be possible to argue that men like John would have found the idea of the New Woman utterly abhorrent. In The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, we can see Jekylls initial attraction to unleashing his subconscious needs in a letter he writes to Mr Utterson which explains the repression of his egotistical desires which society would frown upon: The worst of my faults was a certain impatient gaiety of disposition, such as has made the happiness of many, but such as I found it hard to reconcile with my imperious desire to carry my head high, and wear a more than commonly grave countenance before the public. Hence it came about that I concealed my pleasures [ I stood already committed to a profound duplicity of life. (Stevenson 60) When reading the text closely, it is possible to state that Stevenson suggests that within everyones personality there lies a Mr Hyde, a character full of cravings which are not influenced by social beliefs and standards but are instead primitive and innate. When Jekyll admits to having repressed and unsatisfied desires, his confession leads the reader to realise that everyone is forced to hide certain cravings in order to remain socially acceptable: Many a man would have even blazoned such irregularities as I was guilty of; but from the high views that I had set before me, I regarded and hid them with an almost morbid sense of shame (Stevenson 60). Jekylls feelings towards suppressed desires and attractions are resonated by Lanyon when he admits he has since had reason to believe the cause [of his hatred of Mr Hyde] to lie much deeper in the nature of man (Stevenson 56). Both Utterson and Enfield can be classed as exemplary Victorian male figures, yet Stevensons insinuation that there is a secret Hyde-like character within these two men can be detected from the opening of The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The reader is told that Utterson had an approved tolerance of others; sometimes wondering, almost with envy, at the high pressure of spirits involved in their misdeeds (Stevenson 7). Despite disapproving of anti-social behaviour, at times Utterson feels jealous of those with an ability to rebel against convention. The reader can identify the Hyde-like aspect of Enfields personality when Hyde has trampled (Stevenson 9) over a young girl. Enfield wonders how best to punish Mr Hyde for this offence when he says, Killing being out of the question, we did the next best (Stevenson 10). It is possible to argue in that these men find Hyde repulsive because their subconscious mind is able to identify him instantly as the savage within. We could apply this theory of recognition in the subconscious to the character of John in The Yellow Wallpaper. Perhaps his disdain at the Narrators behaviour is due to a similar part of his personality which he hides from others by using his position of power over his wife. It is also possible to argue that the Narrators initial hatred of the wallpaper is due to a subconscious recognition of the woman she sees behind it as sharing her suppressed wishes. The Narrators attraction to the wallpaper quickly turns into an obsession and as she descends into madness she becomes more conscious of her subconscious desire for freedom. On the surface the Narrator accepts her husbands power over her. However, at the end of the novel she appears to be taking her frustration caused by her husband out on the wallpaper. She claims that the pattern slaps you in the face, knocks you down, and tramples upon you (Perkins Gilman 16), suggesting that she is forced to study the wallpaper and, like Jekyll, cannot control her attraction. By the end of the novel, the Narrators fixation with the woman she can see behind the wallpaper has grown to the extent that she believes herself to have also been trapped behind it. We can see this when she exclaims, Ive got out at last [ And Ive pulled off most of the paper, so you cant put me back! (Perkins Gilman 26) For the Narrator, her abnormal behaviour has given her a sense of freedom. Despite this, the frequent use of the word creeping (Perkins Gilman 24) throughout The Yellow Wallpaper suggests a fear of being caught and also gives the impression of submission. This shows that even though her subconscious desires are becoming apparent to her, the pressures of society are still controlling the way she views them and she realises that her feminist ideals are taboo. When John realises that his wife has undergone a stereotypically masculine task of destroying the wallpaper, he is instantly feminised by his overtly feminine reaction of fainting: Now why should that man have fainted? But he did, and right across my path by the wall, so that I had to creep over him every time! (Perkins Gilman 26) When John faints, the Narrator has at last gained power over her oppressive husband and the fact that she repetitively creeps over his body emphasises her new found authority. It also highlights Johns inability to control his wife who, though mad, is now mentally liberated. Over all, it is possible to state that in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and The Yellow Wallpaper, the abnormal was seen by Victorian society as a desire to rebel against traditional values. One could also argue that the dynamic of attraction and repulsion with regards to the abnormal is a complex and contradictory matter as the conscious mind which is influenced by external sources often suppresses subconscious wishes. Jeff Green explains in his work entitled Pluto that people often feel repelled by what they feel attracted to, because the attraction may directly threaten the existing nature of their reality (Green 45). At the end of The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Jekyll explains in his final letter to Utterson his beliefs in the division of the human personality: man is not truly one, but truly two. I say two, because the state of my own knowledge does not pass beyond that point [ ] It was on the moral side, and in my own person, that I learned to recognise the thorough and primitive duality of man; I saw that, of the two natures that contended in the field of my consciousness, even if I could rightly be said to be either, it was only because I was radically both [ It was the curse of mankind that these incongruent faggots were thus bound together. (Stevenson 61) Jekyll realises that through his experiments he has created a monster and has lost control of his life as Henry Jekyll as we find out that the potion he has been using only worked due to an impurity in the original salt. As he writes to Utterson, he accepts his fate to become Hyde permanently and he wonders, Will Hyde die upon the scaffold? Or will he find the courage to release himself at the last moment? (Stevenson 76). The tone of this concluding chapter of Stevensons novel is ominous with references to death and evil. The conclusion of The Yellow Wallpaper contrasts greatly with Stevensons ending as it is playful and almost comic. As the Narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper loses her sanity, her writing becomes more coherent and she seems to have found a form of self expression in her journal. The Narrator has found freedom after her battle with the conflicting forces of repulsion and attraction with regards to the wallpaper whereas Jekyll is doomed to remain forever as the evil half of his character, a punishment for his tampering with nature.

Compare and contrast at least two theories which purport to provide an explanation for offending Essays

Compare and contrast at least two theories which purport to provide an explanation for offending Essays Compare and contrast at least two theories which purport to provide an explanation for offending Essay Compare and contrast at least two theories which purport to provide an explanation for offending Essay Control theories try to explain that crime is more likely in the absence of controls. Some control theorists argue that people have a free choice whether to commit crime or not and are influenced by the likelihood of being caught or punished. Clarke (1980) argued that crime resulted from a rational choice on the part of the offender who assessed the risks of any particular situation (Croall 1998:73). These theories are closely related to anomie theories because they focus on regulating natural urges that people have to commit crime. There were four main theorists who dealt with control theories regarding criminal activity: Travis Hirschi, David Matza, Stephen Box and Harriet Wilson. Hirschi (1969) Travis Hirschi gave the statement, The question, Why do they do it? is simply not the question the theory is designed to answer. The question is, Why dont we do it?' (Maguire, Morgan Reiner 2002:57). He basically was saying that control theories were mainly focused on trying to explain why people did not commit crime but in doing so, these theories provided explanations for why people really do commit crime. Hirschi believed that crime comes about when social bonding processes fail. He provided four elements that related to these processes, which, if they failed, would result in criminal acts. * Attachment: relates to an individuals receptiveness to the ideas and opinions of others. * Commitment: the amount of time and effort that a person is willing to put in to ensure that they conform. * Involvement : the amount of participation in conforming activities * Belief: the amount of conviction that a person has to follow the rules. Hirschi later developed this theory even more, with Gottfredson, by introducing self-control and impulsivity into the equation. They believed that low self-control results in crime because crime provides a direct and simple gratification of desires that is attractive to those who cannot or will not postpone pleasure (Maguire, Morgan Reiner 2002:57). They also believed that crime can result from lack of sympathy for the victim and requires hardly any skill or planning in advance. This makes crime attractive (mainly to youths) because it can improve the offenders feelings of power. The benefits of crime are often short lived and can be described as quick fixes for the criminal. This, according to Hirschi, can appeal to the impulsive nature of criminals and provides a compelling argument stating that most criminals are risk-taking, short-sighted individuals. Matza (1969) In David Matzas book, Delinquency and Drift Matza theorises that criminals are not very different from the average human being because most of the time they conform with societys stipulations. He does however say that sometimes the grip of control (Matza 1969) loosens on these individuals and this compels them to crime because they feel that they are no longer responsible for their actions. David Matza and Gresham Sykes developed their theory concerning techniques of neutralization. These techniques provide offenders with a way of counteracting the guilt that they may feel while committing an offence. This relief often urged them even more to commit crime and can be an explanation for why people commit crime. Such techniques can be: * to condemn their condemners to blame the faults of the police or courts for their actions * to deny injury to say that there was no harm in their actions * to deny the victim to say that the victim of the crime was insignificant and that it was probably their own fault anyway * to appeal to higher loyalties to say that they were committing the crime for a good or worthy cause. Box (1971) Stephen Box linked the theories of Hirschi and Matza together by introducing his own set of variables that affect social control: * Secrecy the chances that a delinquent could hide his/her criminal acts * Skills the skills and knowledge that is required from the offender to commit the act * Social Support the encouragement that the offender gets to commit an offense by his friends and peers * Symbolic Support the encouragement that the offender gets from other areas of the culture Box concluded that the higher the access to these variables then the higher the likelihood that a person commits an offence will be. Wilson (1980) Harriet Wilson conducted her studies on families who were socially deprived in Birmingham, England during the 1970s and 80s. She believed that socialization within the family, the community and the school..were informal agencies of control (Croall 1998:73). She reported that chaperonage differentiated families with delinquent youths and families without. This showed that if youths did not have adults accompanying them around their areas then they were more likely to commit crime. The parents were effectively acting as guardians and preventing the youths from committing crime and this was seen as a form of social control. Routine Activities Theory This theory is mainly based on the works of Marcus Felson and focuses on how crime occurs during routine activities within normal, every day life. The main concepts of routine activities theory draws on the concepts of control theory and creates a different theory regarding these ideas. Felson (2002) * Believed that most criminals were not that much different from the average person not very skilled, petty and unremarkable. * Concluded that Crime is embedded in the very architecture of everyday life (Maguire, Morgan Reiner 2002:61) The basis of routine activities theory is that, according to Cornish and Clarke (1986), the offender seeks to gain quick pleasure and avoid imminent pain (Felson 2002:37). The whole point of crime is to obtain things without much effort and dedication. Crime is seen as a choice that every individual makes and different aspects affect these choices. Felson pointed out that most crime was fast and easy and that criminals were not required to be skilled or extremely daring in order to commit an offence. Choices are the central theory behind Felsons thinking and he theorised that everyone makes decisions whether or not to commit a criminal act but some factors affect these choices more than others. He compared the criminal act to a theatre setting as in the cue-decision sequence. The sequence emphasises that offenders respond to cues in their immediate surroundings as shown below: 1) An individual enters the setting 2) Cues within the setting communicate temptations and controls 3) Interpretations are made of these cues by the individual 4) The individual then decides whether or not to commit an offence. As you can see, normal, everyday stimuli affect the individuals decision and the environment out with of the individuals control influences their decision to commit a criminal act. It is important to note that some settings have high controls and some do not. Also, some settings have stronger temptations than others. Each different setting contains different factors that greaten or lessen the possibility that a person will commit a crime. Another sequence that influenced Felsons way of thinking is the disinhibition sequence. This mainly focuses on the blame and control factors that influence our choices. 1) An individual starts drinking some alcohol with friends 2) He/she starts to get a buzz but keeps on drinking 3) They start to smoke marijuana and get even more of a buzz 4) Some of the group decide to commit a crime. Some criminals tend to blame their criminal acts on the amount of alcohol that they have smoked or the amount of drugs that they have taken but these are not defences that will stand up in court. This theory of blame is more to alleviate the offenders from the guilt that they feel concerning the crime itself. Felson believed that self-control had quite a lot to do with why people commit crime. He thought that individuals who had low self-control were more likely to commit crime because they were not as fully in control of their minds, bodies and actions as normal individuals. He also thought everybody receives constant environmental cues that assist us in keeping our self-control. These reminders occur in lots of different settings and can come in verbal or physical forms.

The Probable Efficacy of Alternatives to Incarceration Research Paper

The Probable Efficacy of Alternatives to Incarceration - Research Paper Example 1). So the criminal justice system is looking into the efficacy of many alternatives to incarceration like intensive supervision, boot camps and electronic monitoring/house arrest, which offer many advantages in terms of cost reduction, social relevance and the feasibility of a meaningful and effective rehabilitation. The Probable Efficacy of Alternatives to Incarceration Introduction Any sane and sustainable from of sentencing ought to be pragmatic, result oriented and financially viable, while confirming to the moral, ethical and social objectives inherent in it. Since times immemorial, civilizations have resorted to opting for incarceration as a regular mode of restraining and punishing their criminals and offenders. However, a more realistic approach towards this issue does not validate the fact that all the offenders deserve to be rigorously incarcerated, nor incarceration is the only possible method of achieving all the objectives ascribed to it (Bailey, 2003). In the criminal justice systems around the world, incarceration serves varied and multiple purposes. Incarceration is resorted to, to keep the individuals suspected of having committed some crime under a secure control, till their innocence or guilt is validated by a court of law. Incarceration is also used to penalize offenders found guilty of having committed a crime by depriving them of their freedom and liberty. Jail terms are also used to prevent chronic criminals from further committing a crime, until they get appropriately rehabilitated. To put it simply, the objective of incarceration is to allow the state to have a control over the factors that lead to crime, to protect the society at large from the offenders considered willing to and capable of indulging in further crimes and to rehabilitate the offenders, if possible (Bailey, 2003). A more versatile and creative approach towards these objectives do corroborates to the conclusion that many of them could be achieved by resorting to varied alternatives to incarceration like intensive supervision, boot camps, electronic monitoring and house arrest. Merits of Resorting to other Alternatives Necessity is the mother of invention. Hitherto, the criminal justice system has been opting for a one size fit all approach towards sentencing, being somewhat oblivious of the problems it would have created for law enforcement mechanisms. However, with the dawn of an era where the penitentiaries are fast getting overcrowded, the budgets ascribed to criminal justice systems are more than ever under diverse pressures and a relative humanization of the ethical, social and legal approaches towards sentencing, the criminal justice system is awakening to the fact that many available alternatives to incarceration could successfully serve the vouched objectives, while facilitating varied advantages (Diiulio Jr, 1991, p. 7). The criminal justice system is fast recognizing the fact that the homogenization and generalization of sentencing has g iven way to many problems and has divested it of varied other sentencing options like intensive supervision, boot camps and electronic monitoring/house arrest, which extend much scope for sentence customization. These alternatives arm the courts with much choice and multiple options. They allow the courts to opt for economically viable sentences, while ascribing the penalty in consonance with the gravity of offence of an offender (Diiulio Jr, 1991). Not to mention that varied

Dow Chemical Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Dow Chemical - Research Paper Example In addition, Dow has announced plans to invest in facility in Saudi Arabia for DOWâ„ ¢ FILMTECâ„ ¢ reverse osmosis elements. The company is also considering building two new plants in Map Ta Phut, Thailand, and Schkopau, Germany. To reflect Dow’s disciplined portfolio management and strategy to focus on higher-value performance businesses, the company has decided to sale its global Polypropylene business to Braskem SA and in the third quarter of the financial year Dow AgroSciences and M.S. Technologies LLC have announced a submission to the U.S. Department of Agriculture for approval of the first-ever three-gene herbicide-tolerant soybean. Dow is named to Dow Jones Sustainability World Index 11th time since the index was launched. Dow has improved its rating from last year and has thus achieved the highest score in the chemical sector. In the last quarter of the financial year, Dow launched its DOW POWERHOUSEâ„ ¢ Solar Shingle to U.S. markets, starting in Colorado and expanding into targeted states through 2012. Joint venture of Dow, SCG-Dow Group, has started its propylene oxide facility in Thailand using innovative hydrogen peroxide to propylene oxide technology. To enhance innovation collaboration between two companies, Dow and Haier Group have agreed to establish the Haier-Dow Global Joint Innovation Laboratory in China. Response to Part E Following its strategy of global exposure, Dow Electronic Materials announced the formation of a new business to capture current and future demand for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and the construction for a manufacturing and testing facility for metallization materials is underway in Korea. To strengthen research in important scientific fields, Dow announced 11 year, $25 million-per-year investment in programs with 11 leading U.S. universities, supporting every individual related to the program and enabling resources to face the world’s leading challenges. Dow Chemicals has developed itself into a b illion dollars worth of Multinational Corporation through its expansion strategy. With wider greater geographic reach, the company is now reaching fast growing markets in various parts of the world. These areas include China, Southeast Asia, Latin America and the Middle East.  The company has its footsteps in four continents of the world and its business operations appear to be growing at a rapid pace. In the financial year 2011, the company has started project in several parts of the globe to accelerate growth in their downstream business. These projects are turning out to be highly cost savings projects. In the financial year 2011 the company achieved record sales in the developing economies all around the globe. For instance, in China the company’s sales reached a staggering $ 4.5 billion during the last financial year which is the best figures yet for the country from any offshore operations. Moreover, the company is steadfast and committed to its goal of 35% of revenue s from developing economies of the world by the end of the current financial year. Currently the major chunk of the company’s revenue comes from Europe, Middle East and Africa which accounts for 35% of the global sale of the company having more than 57 manufacturing sites all across these areas. Another 35% of the revenue is generated through North America where the company has 65 manufacturing sites and has employees more than 26,000 employees. The last thirty of the revenue comes from

Schein's Three Cultures of Management and Kouzes and Mico's Domain Essay

Schein's Three Cultures of Management and Kouzes and Mico's Domain Theory - Essay Example The learned theories have then been set into practice and have resulted to positive success as well as negatives failures depending on the individual theories and the ways they get implemented. Among the most renowned and well governing theories are the Schein’s Three Cultures of Management and Kouzes and Mico’s Domain Theory. The two theories exhibit particular similarities concerning the rightful proposals of how the managerial and leadership issues ought to be handled to achieve success of the individual organizations. However, the two theories also have some points of differences that call for careful analysis of the theories by an individual consulting leader before finalizing on particular decisions. Schein’s Three Cultures of Management According to Schein (1996, p.3), a typical organization has to be founded on the basis of three cultures of management including the operator, engineering and executive cultures of management. These cultures have to been in corporated and made to be dependent on each other in order to attain a more comprehensive and complete organizational management. The success or failure of the individual organization then depends on the manner in which the three cultures of management are linked up and run (Schein1996, p.3). ... hat operator culture within organizations enable and empower individual workers opportunities to innovate ideas that are fundamental to survival of the individual organization. In that respect principles of operator culture allows individual workers to operate in disregard to rules set to run particular organizations when certain conditions prevail. While operating complex activities and unanticipated occurrences, operator culture brings workers together by creating interdependency to formulate adaptable strategies for teamwork to accomplish the impending task. Schein (1996, p.13) however indicates that operator culture is often met with rules especially in the case of unpredictable conditions. Schein (1996, p.13) points out that the simmering problem with the operators is that they understand well that for job to be well done then they must involve innovation and personal skills in solving problems as not set out in the rules. However, this becomes difficult due to lack of incentive or managerial support defined to compensate such efforts. The result of such speculations is operators’ subversion of the true and more practical strategies to rely on the set rules. In the observation of Schein (1996, p.15), executive culture mainly applies to the individual CEOs who get promoted to the rank after passing through other levels of organizational management. The executive culture is mainly focused on the maintaining and ensuring adaptable financial health of the individual organization. As outlined by Schein (1996:13), there occurs difference in role between the CEO appointed from among the founders or family heading the organization and the promoted CEO. The former type of CEO exercises broader focus and assumptions in the organization while the later type of CEO focuses

Major League Baseball Team Budgeting

Major League Baseball Team Budgeting Major League Baseball Team Budgeting and the Effects of Big Spending Organizations versus Small Spending Organizations Introduction/Background Major league baseball is Americas pastime and one of the greatest sports in the world. Major league teams are multi-million dollar organizations that must budget their revenues and expenses just like a hospital, law firm, or financial company. Different teams have different ways of budgeting with one common goal, winning. In todays society, everybody wants to win in some facet of life. For major league baseball owners, there are many different ways to win. With the annual revenues heavily outweighing the annual expenses, owners do not have to worry about winning financially, but they do have to worry about winning on the field. Success on the field puts more people in the stands, sells more merchandise, and attracts big time television deals. These factors demonstrate that as long as you are winning on the field, your annual profit will only increase. This is why owners must plan, implement, and control their teams budget to the best of their ability just like a mayor has to do for h is or her city. After each season, the owner must then measure results and make a report of the teams financial information. If the team has a successful year on the field, it is more likely that team is going to generate a larger profit. Another aspect of budgeting that relates to baseball is expenses or expenditures. There are teams in major league baseball that will spend outspend any other team in the league in hopes that their team will win the world series. Even playing in the World Series means bigger profits for the organization. This can be related to a hospital spending money on a high-tech MRI machine that will cost more, but the MRI machine might be the only one in the area and bring in more business for the hospital. I am going to analyze the team budgets for the two top spending teams in baseball versus two teams that spend substantially less. Next, I will compare the results on the field. I am going to demonstrate how important financial management is to the game of b aseball through the master budgets of four different major league teams, the New York Yankees, Los Angeles Dodgers, Tampa Bay Rays, and Oakland Athletics. B. In Support of Big Spending Organizations In 2013, the two largest spending teams in Major League Baseball were the New York Yankees and Los Angeles Dodgers. Each of these teams spent over two hundred million dollars on their players alone. Owners of any major league baseball team have a lot more to budget than just the players. Every organization must budget not only the players salaries, but every member in the entire organization, the cost of running the stadium, and the farm systems or minor leagues. The Yankees and Dodgers set up their budget for the 2013 season for one goal, to win the World Series. The operating budgets for these two teams is much more than the two hundred million dollars they pay their players. The owners do not have to worry about this because according to Ozanian (2013) the Yankees bring in over a billion dollars from marketing deals. They are worth over two million dollars all together. According to Brown (2013) From 1999 to 2012, clubs have spent a total of $33,942,203,596 on final payrolls. The Yankees account for 7% of that. In 2009, the Yankees had to take another aspect of budgeting into consideration, the capital budget. They built a new stadium that cost 1.5 billion dollars to complete. They will use annuities to pay off the stadium over time. With the amount of money, they are spending in 2013, you would imagine that they are the best team in baseball by far. This, however, was not true. The one thing that the Yankee owner could not control was injuries. Their big-time spending may have looked good on paper, but the Yankees failed to make the playoffs. As for the Dodgers, they are worth 1.6 billion dollars. Their big money spending has paid off however, by making a trip to the post season. According to the Associated Press (2012) During the 2012 season, the Dodgers signed a player from Cuba named Yasiel Puig for 42 million dollars. This mid-season acquisition could be considered as part of the capital budget. They signed Puig to a seven-year contract. Just like a fire station investing in a new fire truck, the Dodgers invested in a new player. This new player was a vital part of their 2013 success. The Dodgers set up their budget to win immediately, and that is what they are doing. According to Nightengale (2013a) the Dodgers led the league in average attendance. Like I said earlier, success puts people in the stands, and that is exactly what the Dodgers have done. The Dodgers also have advanced to the National League Championship Series for the first time in nineteen years. (Nightengale, 2013a) What are the advantages of big money spending? For teams like the Yankees and Dodgers, they chose to spend more money to acquire better players. Both teams line ups and pitching staffs in 2013 were stacked with perennial all stars. The only difference between the two teams is that the Dodger players were able to stay healthy. This spending advantage on players such as Adrian Gonzales, Hanley Ramirez, and Carl Crawford gave them an advantage in their division over teams who could not afford these players. We could compare this to a city such as Mobile spending more money than say Montgomery to bring a corporation such as Airbus. Airbus would create more jobs and more revenue for the city of Mobile. The big money players created more wins for the Dodgers. More wins for the Dodgers means more profit for their organization. Airbus for Mobile means for profit for the city. Another effect of big spending is player motivation. Motivation is a vital component of an organizations success. Pla yers who are making more money and play each night in front of larger crowds often perform at a higher level than players playing in front of half empty stadiums. Overall, the effects of big spending teams in 2013 is that only one of two made the playoffs. The financial management of the Dodgers has played a key role in their recent success. Argument for Small Spending Organizations The two teams that I am going to analyze that spent far roughly half has much as the Yankees and Dodgers are the Oakland Athletics and the Tampa Bay Rays. Instead of spending the big bucks on perennial talent like the Yankees and the Dodgers, the As and Rays have different ways of producing wins on the field. The Tampa Bay Rays have a pay roll of 68 million dollars. (OBarr, 2013) They finished ahead of the Yankees in the American League East division and grabbed a wild card spot to make the playoffs. So how did they do it? According to OBarr (2013) Building talent throughout the minor league and watching it blossom on the big-league diamond is the system that has allowedJoe Maddons club to have this much success. Without homegrown players like Longoria and Price, the Rays are lucky to even win 90 games this year, let alone make the postseason. The Rays develop their own players in the minor leagues until they are ready to perform in the major leagues. Instead of spending a lot of mon ey on great players, they save money by producing them from within their organization. They save a ton of money by doing this, and they are able to bring in more revenue by doing so. This can be compared to the public administration field by looking at a police force in a city. If the city focuses more on training police officers and developing them into great cops, then they are going to be more effective. The Rays just like every baseball organization uses responsibility centers to budget their minor league systems. Each organization has five minor league franchises. Each organization has a president and CFO that set their individual budgets each year. This is another aspect of budgeting that plays a key role in their organizational success. The Oakland As also spend less than the Yankees and Dodgers, but they too made the playoffs. How did they do it? Their general manager, Billy Bean has become famous for his style of producing winning teams called moneyball. A book was published in 2003 about his success with no name, low paid players, and Brad Pitt made a movie about it. Barra (2013) states about the 2013 As, Billy Beanes As this year really are a moneyball team. They just clinched the American League West with a .596 win-loss percentage-second in the league only to the Red Sox. During September they are 16-5. And they are doing it with a payroll of $60,664,500-the fourth lowest in the major leagues. He also states, No team has gotten more return on less investment (Barra, 2013) The As are a small market team meaning they do not have much money for expenses. This is why they have to use the moneyball technique to win and produce revenue. The As can be compared to a hospital that does not have the money for the best e quipment or doctors, but they find the best affordable equipment and doctors and save as many lives as a hospital with a much larger budget and better known doctors. Going back to the quote about more return for less investment, that is an organizational dream. The As know they cannot spend as much as the Yankees and Dodgers, but they find players who will produce on the field for a cheaper cost. The effects of As and Rays style is winning on the field. They both produced better records than the Yankees who spent more than both of them combined. An advantage of the low spending teams is that they are almost always the underdogs who have something to prove. Both the Yankees and Dodgers have players that have already proven themselves in the major leagues. The As and Rays are built with players who are hungry and willing to do anything to win. The As proved this in the second half of the season by having the best record in baseball. The Rays also proved this by winning six straight games to finish the season and propel themselves into the playoffs. An Assessment of the Different Spending Organizations In my opinion, both of these styles of budgeting can be effective. Although the Yankees, did not make the playoffs in 2013, they won the World Series in 2011. I have to admit, I am a fan of the underdog, the team with something to prove, but making more money and playing in front of more people are a plus too. The New York Yankees are one of the most valuable sports organizations in the entire world. They feature some of the most well know players throughout the world such as Derek Jeter, Alex Rodriguez, and Mariano Rivera. On the contrary, the Oakland As feature players such as Josh Donaldson, Coco Crisp, and Kurt Suzuki. Who knows who any of these guys are? Well, as a side note, Josh Donaldson played for Auburn. But back to the argument, which of these master budgets is the better way to go? Although, the As and Rays made the playoffs this year, their budgeting styles do not produce winning teams every year. The Rays have made the playoffs just three times in the last eight years, and the As have been just twice in the last eight years. The big money spenders such as the Yankees, have been competitive for the last decade and the Yankees failed to make the post season just twice in the last ten years. If I am going to run an organization, I would want to produce the most profit. Each of these four teams has their own specific way of doing so, but the Yankees are the team who produce most efficiently on the field year in and year out. If I had a choice of an organization to run, I would choose the organization who produces the most efficient product and that is exactly what the Yankees do. Krissoff (2013) stated in his journal article, We calculated the average salaries for 2007-11 and found that all of the World Series winning teams exceeded the league average salaries and the salaries of their World Series opponents. This statement alone proves that the team who has spent more has accomplished the organizations ultimate goal for five straight years. Winning t he World Series not only brings great attention to your organization, but a substantial amount of extra profit. Conclusion In conclusion, I have analyzed four different Major League baseball teams and broken down the different ways they budget their organizations to produce results on the field. I wanted to demonstrate that financial management plays a vital role not only in the public sector, but in Major League baseball as well. I have compared the four teams to public sector organizations and given examples of how similar they are. I used examples of how the teams had to incorporate capital budget into their operating budget. I discussed their annual revenues and expenses. I explained how the teams had to use the responsibility center to manage their farm systems. But the main argument in this essay was which organizations produced the best results. I broke down the facts about the big money spending organizations and the small money organizations. Overall, like most aspects of life, the person, company, or organization that spends the most money will often come out on top. Although the underdog might sneak under the radar in some cases, the big spender usually wins in the long run. Billy Beans Oakland As were under the radar most of the season until they fell to an organization that spent more money than they did in the playoffs. This statement is also true for the Tampa Bay Rays. The Dodgers made the playoffs but were eventually knocked out by the St. Louis Cardinals. The Boston Red Sox were crowned World Series champions in 2013 and to no surprise spent more than their opponent, the St. Louis Cardinals. All in all, the more money you spend, the better chance you have to win as a major league baseball organization. References Associated Press. (2012, June 29). Dodgers announce yasiel puigs deal. Retrieved from http://espn.go.com/los-angeles/mlb/story/_/id/8112841/los-angeles-dodgers-announce- signing-yasiel-puig Barra, A. (2013, September 24). forget 2002-this years oakland as are the real moneyball team. The Atlantic. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/09/forget-2002-this-years-oakland-as-are-the-real-em-moneyball-em-team/279927/ Brown, M. (2013). Biz of baseball releases comprehensive mlb final player payroll figures for last 14 years. The Biz of Baseball, Retrieved from http://bi.galegroup.com/essentials/article/GALE|A313786892/df67a57e287280461f74267 696242118?u=naal_aub Krissoff, B. (2013). Society and baseball face rising income inequality . The Baseball Research Periodical, 42(1), Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A328281604v=2.1u=naal_aubit=rp=I TOFsw=wasid=6f1b6e9872b87b5f7a152c7cf233d52a Nightengale, B. (2013a, August 15). Nightengale: Dodgers take page from yankees. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/dodgers/2013/08/14/los- angeles-dodgers-new-york-yankees-stan-kasten-payroll-nl-west/2658245/ Nightengale, B. (2013b, March 13). Mlb salaries: Yankees, a-rod reign as cash changes hands. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/salaries/2013/03/31/2013-mlb-payrolls- salaries-yankees-dodgers/2041115/ OBarr, D. (2013, September 30). David price-led tampa bay rays reach mlb postseason with homegrown talent Retrieved from http://www.rantsports.com/mlb/2013/09/30/david-price-led-tampa-bay-rays-reach-mlb- postseason-with-homegrown-talent/?utm_source=twitterfeedutm_medium=twitter Ozanian, M. (2013, March 27). Baseball team valuations 2013: Yankees on top at $2.3 billion. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2013/03/27/baseball-team- valuations-2013-yankees-on-top-at-2-3-billion/

Asthma Essay -- essays research papers fc

Asthma is a disorder of the respiratory system in which the passages that enable air to pass into and out of the lungs periodically narrow, causing coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. This narrowing is typically temporary and reversible, but in severe attacks, asthma may result in death. Asthma most commonly refers to bronchial asthma, an inflammation of the airways, but the term is also used to refer to cardiac asthma, which develops when fluid builds up in the lungs as a complication of heart failure. This article focuses on bronchial asthma. More than 17 million Americans suffer from asthma, with nearly 5 million cases occurring in children under age 18. In the United States, asthma causes nearly 5,500 deaths each year. Asthma occurs in males and females of all ages, ethnic groups, and socioeconomic levels. For reasons not completely understood, asthma is generally more common in poor urban neighborhoods, in cold climates, and in industrialized countries. Among all Americans, the prevalence of asthma increased more than 60 percent between 1982 and 1994, especially among children. Deaths from asthma increased more than 55 percent from 1979 to 1992. Scientists suspect that increased exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke, growing populations in polluted city centers, and new housing that is poorly ventilated contribute to the increase in asthma cases. Breathing Every cell in the human body requires oxygen to function, and the lungs make that oxygen available. With every breath we take, air travels to the lungs through a series of tubes and airways. After passing through the mouth and throat, air moves through the larynx, commonly known as the voice box, and then through the trachea, or windpipe. The trachea divides into two branches, called the right bronchus and the left bronchus, that connect directly to the lungs. Air continues through the bronchi, which divide into smaller and smaller air passages in the lungs, called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in clusters of tiny air sacs, called alveoli, which are surrounded by tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called capillaries. Here, deep in the lungs, oxygen diffuses through the alveoli walls and into the blood in the capillaries and gaseous waste products in the blood—mainly carbon dioxide—diffuse through the capillary walls and into the alveoli. But if something prevents the oxygen from reaching t... ...ng, may provoke hyperventilation, a rapid inhalation of oxygen that causes the airway to narrow. In asthmatics, hyperventilation often results in an attack. Many asthmatics are especially sensitive to physical exercise in cold weather. Research suggests that genetic factors may increase the risk of developing the disorder. Children with a family history of asthma are more likely to develop asthma than other children. Despite this apparent genetic link, many people without a family history of asthma develop the disorder, and scientists continue to investigate additional causes. Treatment Physicians typically diagnose asthma by looking for the classic symptoms: episodic problems with breathing that include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. When symptoms alone fail to establish a diagnosis of asthma, doctors may use spirometry, a test that measures airflow. By comparing a patient’s normal airflow, airflow during an attack, and airflow after the application of asthma medication, doctors determine whether the medicine improves the patient’s breathing problems. If asthma medication helps, doctors usually diagnose the condition as asthma. Bibliography www.scienceworld.com

Islam and the Muslims Essay

In September 2005 Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published twelve cartoons including a caricature of Muhammad in a bomb-shaped turban with an ignited fuse. This sparked a huge controversy that affected Muslims and Non-Muslims parts of the world. For the Muslims it was a portrayal of the prophet, Islam and the Muslims as terrorists. They feared that the cartoons might create an anti-Muslim attitude. The Jyllands-Posten apologized and the cartoonist explained that the cartoon was a protest of fundamentalist interpretations of Islam that terrorists use to base their acts on. In citing Free Speech, Jyllands-Posten had crossed the bounds of sensitivity to and respect for other people’s faith or religion. The issue should not be solely taken in the confines of the Danish system. Religion is universal and is held sacred by the believers. A bomb on Mohammad’s head is blasphemous. Given that a number of extremists and fundamentalists have used the teachings of Islam as shield of their terrorist acts, it would be most unfair to say that all Muslims behave and believe as they do. The Organization of the Islamic Conference refused to heed the clamor for death for the cartoonist even if Muslims felt that the cartoon was an insult to Muhammad. Those who thought the cartoons are non-issue as far as discrimination of Muslims is concerned is totally disgusting. Does making fun of all religious’ icons and symbolisms, exempting no one, a legal and moral excuse? Of course it does not. Doing it to all makes it all the more wrong. To the Muslims, Muhammad is revered. He is infallible. To treat him like a cartoon character to elicit fun or humor is not acceptable, it is contemptible. The Danish government’s response to the request for redress by certain Muslim sectors was passive. The courts of law where the prime minister, thru letter, referred them to were likewise evasive. Citing the wide scope of Freedom of Expression in Denmark, they refused to sanction Jyllands-Posten. The courts found no criminal act in the cartoons, for as long as the interpretation of Free Speech included public interest and respect for human rights. The courts were unilaterally in favor of the journalists and cartoonists. What justice left out and disregarded is the Muslim minority’s interest in particular and the Muslim’s human right to their religious beliefs, in general. The reaction or non-reaction of the Danish people and government in the controversy is uncharacteristic of a nation that has been ranked by the Reporters Without Borders as Top in Worldwide Press Freedom Index for 2005. There should be a certain degree of self-restraint in any freedom. It should seek to create, not to destroy. A subject like Religion must be treated with respect and tolerance. It should not be open to debates, opinions and critiques. World reaction to the controversy was predictable. The Muslim countries would be indignant. Denmark would suffer the backlash. Egypt helped diffused the situation in the Middle East. America looked the other way by accusing Syria and Iran of organizing protests and of buying Danish goods after a Muslim boycott. Judging by these reactions, the cartoon controversy was just the tip of the iceberg. Deep-seated political emotions are in the issue. The Muslim terrorists’ politically-motivated acts became religious issues in the cartoon controversy. That the terrorists were Muslims, Islam and Muhammad became the targets of caricaturing. Free Speech has taken a new form. It goes without limit, and anything and everything is fair game. What holds true for Denmark is made to be accepted by the Muslim minority in Denmark and the Muslim majority in the world. Religious figures, beliefs and practices must be left alone. They must not be used as side or main issues in any controversy. The only way to handle differences in religious beliefs is tolerance and respect. One must not be ridiculed and persecuted for his religious convictions. We must learn from the lessons of history. Terrorism must be dealt with a different but civilized option. Reference: Jyllands-Posten Muhhammad Cartoons Controvery, Wikipedia (20 February 2007), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jylalnds_posten_cartoon_controversy, date accessed: 23. Februrary 2007.